2013년 11월 26일 화요일

About 'practice accounting'|100 Accounting Practice Blogs!







About 'practice accounting'|100 Accounting Practice Blogs!








This               section               of               sample               problems               and               solutions               is               a               part               of               The               Actuary's               Free               Study               Guide               for               Exam               5,               authored               by               Mr.

Stolyarov.

This               is               Section               50               of               the               Study               Guide.

See               an               index               of               all               sections               by               following               the               link               in               this               paragraph.

This               section               of               the               study               guide               is               intended               to               provide               practice               problems               and               solutions               to               accompany               the               pages               of               Insurance               Operations,               Regulation,               and               Statutory               Accounting,               cited               below.

Students               are               encouraged               to               read               these               pages               before               attempting               the               problems.

This               study               guide               is               entirely               an               independent               effort               by               Mr.

Stolyarov               and               is               not               affiliated               with               any               organization(s)               to               whose               textbooks               it               refers,               nor               does               it               represent               such               organization(s).
               Some               of               the               questions               here               ask               for               short               written               answers               based               on               the               reading.

This               is               meant               to               give               the               student               practice               in               answering               questions               of               the               format               that               will               appear               on               Exam               5.

Students               are               encouraged               to               type               their               own               answers               first               and               then               to               compare               these               answers               with               the               solutions               given               here.

Please               note               that               the               solutions               provided               here               are               not               necessarily               the               only               possible               ones.
               Source:
               Myhr,               A.E.;               and               Markham,               J.J.

Insurance               Operations,               Regulation,               and               Statutory               Accounting               (Second               Edition).

American               Institute               for               Chartered               Property               Casualty               Underwriters.

2004.

Chapter               4,               pp.

4.3-4.10.
               Original               Problems               and               Solutions               from               The               Actuary's               Free               Study               Guide
               Problem               S5-50-1.

Which               of               the               following               statements               about               underwriting               authority               and               general               underwriting               concepts               are               true?

More               than               one               answer               may               be               correct:               
               (a)               Specialty               insurers               -               such               as               providers               of               aviation               insurance,               livestock               mortality               insurers,               or               surety               bonds               -               tend               to               centralize               underwriting               authority.


               (b)               When               a               producer               or               managing               general               agent               (MGA)               is               given               underwriting               authority               by               the               insurer,               this               typically               comes               with               a               lower               commission               rate,               because               the               producer               or               MGA               is               essentially               buying               the               right               the               underwrite               policies               at               its               discretion.


               (c)               For               potential               policyholders               who               require               high               limits               of               insurance,               the               insurance               producer               is               more               likely               to               have               independent               underwriting               authority.


               (d)               Centralized               and               decentralized               underwriting               authority               both               ultimately               serve               the               same               essential               purpose               of               underwriting,               in               terms               of               evaluating               what               loss               exposures               will               be               insured,               at               what               prices,               and               under               what               conditions.


               (e)               The               primary               purpose               of               underwriting               is               to               develop               and               maintain               a               profitable               book               of               business               for               the               insurer.


               (f)               A               "book               of               business"               refers               only               to               the               entirety               of               policies               an               insurer               has               in               force.

Any               subgroup               of               these               policies               is               called               a               "chapter               of               business".


               (g)               Careful               underwriting               procedures               can               minimize               the               phenomenon               of               adverse               selection,               which               is               the               phenomenon               by               which               the               individuals               whose               probability               of               loss               is               greatest               are               also               the               most               likely               to               purchase               insurance.
               Solution               S5-50-1.

This               question               is               based               on               the               discussion               in               Myhr               and               Markham,               p.

4.4.

The               following               answers               are               correct:               
               (a)               Specialty               insurers               -               such               as               providers               of               aviation               insurance,               livestock               mortality               insurers,               or               surety               bonds               -               tend               to               centralize               underwriting               authority.


               (d)               Centralized               and               decentralized               underwriting               authority               both               ultimately               serve               the               same               essential               purpose               of               underwriting,               in               terms               of               evaluating               what               loss               exposures               will               be               insured,               at               what               prices,               and               under               what               conditions.


               (e)               The               primary               purpose               of               underwriting               is               to               develop               and               maintain               a               profitable               book               of               business               for               the               insurer.


               (g)               Careful               underwriting               procedures               can               minimize               the               phenomenon               of               adverse               selection,               which               is               the               phenomenon               by               which               the               individuals               whose               probability               of               loss               is               greatest               are               also               the               most               likely               to               purchase               insurance.
               Choice               (b)               is               not               correct;               when               a               producer               or               managing               general               agent               (MGA)               is               given               underwriting               authority               by               the               insurer,               this               typically               comes               with               a               higher               commission               rate               and               a               larger               percentage               of               profits               shared               with               the               producer               or               MGA.

This               is               because,               by               underwriting               policies,               the               producer               or               MGA               would               be               doing               additional               valuable               work               in               place               of               the               insurer.
               Choice               (c)               is               not               correct;               for               potential               policyholders               who               require               high               limits               of               insurance,               the               insurance               producer               is               less               likely               to               have               independent               underwriting               authority.

The               potential               policyholders               are               likelier               to               be               referred               to               the               insurer's               underwriter(s),               because               writing               higher               limits               of               coverage               entails               greater               risk.
               Choice               (f)               is               not               correct;               a               "book               of               business"               can               refer               to               all               the               policies               an               insurer               has               in               force,               or               to               some               subgroup               of               those               policies.
               Problem               S5-50-2.

Myhr               and               Markham,               p.

4.4,               describe               six               steps               in               the               underwriting               process:
               1.

Evaluating               loss               exposures               
               2.

Determining               underwriting               alternatives               
               3.

Selecting               an               underwriting               alternative               
               4.

Determining               the               appropriate               premium               
               5.

Implementing               the               underwriting               decision               
               6.

Monitoring               the               loss               exposures
               Each               of               the               scenarios               below               pertains               to               an               underwriter               evaluating               an               application               from               Insured               Φ,               who               has               requested               insurance               on               a               valuable               wooden               figurine.

Each               scenario               also               pertains               to               one               of               the               underwriting               steps               above.

Match               each               scenario               to               the               underwriting               step               it               represents.
               (a)               The               underwriter               considers               three               options               for               how               to               treat               Insured               Φ's               application:               
               1)               Reject               the               application               altogether               as               an               unacceptable               risk;               
               2)               Accept               the               application,               but               charge               Insured               Φ               a               premium               twice               the               standard               level,               to               compensate               for               the               unusually               high               level               of               risk               involved;               
               3)               Accept               the               application,               but               require               Insured               Φ               to               purchase               a               bulletproof               reinforced               glass               case               with               an               attached               alarm               system.

The               figurine               would               need               to               be               kept               within               this               case,               which               the               underwriter               expects               would               deter               would-be               thieves               and               prevent               termites               from               getting               to               the               figuring.
               (b)               The               underwriter               issues               an               insurance               policy               to               Insured               Φ               on               his               figurine               and               requires               the               insured               to               pay               the               standard               premium               for               such               a               policy,               which               the               insured               pays               in               full.

The               policy               contains               a               manuscript               endorsement,               which               establishes,               as               a               condition               of               the               policy,               that               Insured               Φ               must               purchase               a               bulletproof               reinforced               glass               case               with               an               attached               alarm               system,               in               which               the               figurine               would               be               kept.
               (c)               The               underwriter's               analysis               shows               that               Insured               Φ's               figurine               is               most               vulnerable               to               theft               and               to               termites.

In               conducting               the               analysis,               the               underwriter               used               historical               data               pertaining               to               similar               wooden               figurines               as               well               as               theft               and               termite               infestation               statistics               pertaining               to               Insured               Φ's               geographical               area.

The               underwriter               concludes               that               the               current               loss               exposures               are               too               risky               for               the               insurer               to               accept               at               the               standard               premium               level.
               (d)               The               underwriter               decides               that               Insured               Φ               will               be               charged               the               standard               premium,               provided               that               he               purchases               a               bulletproof               reinforced               glass               case               with               an               attached               alarm               system,               in               which               the               figurine               would               be               kept.
               (e)               Every               year               the               insurance               policy               is               in               force,               the               underwriter               works               with               an               inspector               and               arranges               for               the               inspector               to               visit               Insured               Φ's               home               and               verify               that               the               wooden               figurine               is               being               kept               in               a               bulletproof               reinforced               glass               case.

The               Insured               is               also               required               to               submit               monthly               photographs               of               the               figurine               within               the               case,               to               demonstrate               that               the               case               has               not               been               broken               or               sold.
               (f)               The               underwriter               decides               that               Insured               Φ's               application               for               insurance               on               the               wooden               figurine               would               be               accepted,               but               that               Insured               Φ               would               be               required               to               purchase               a               bulletproof               reinforced               glass               case               with               an               attached               alarm               system.

The               figurine               would               need               to               be               kept               within               this               case.
               Solution               S5-50-2.
               Scenario               (a)               is               an               instance               of               step               2.

Determining               underwriting               alternatives.
               Scenario               (b)               is               an               instance               of               step               5.

Implementing               the               underwriting               decision.
               Scenario               (c)               is               an               instance               of               step               1.

Evaluating               loss               exposures.
               Scenario               (d)               is               an               instance               of               step               4.

Determining               the               appropriate               premium.
               Scenario               (e)               is               an               instance               of               step               6.

Monitoring               the               loss               exposures
               Scenario               (f)               is               an               instance               of               step               3.

Selecting               an               underwriting               alternative.
               Problem               S5-50-3.

Which               of               the               following               statements               about               underwriting               are               true?

More               than               one               answer               may               be               correct.
               (a)               It               is               typically               simpler               for               direct               writers               and               exclusive               agents,               as               opposed               to               independent               agents,               to               follow               the               explicit               underwriting               guidelines               of               the               insurer               they               represent               right               away               when               evaluating               a               policyholder's               application.


               (b)               Independent               agents               face               the               added               challenge               of               matching               their               applicants               for               insurance               with               the               insurers               that               would               best               serve               those               applicants'               needs.


               (c)               ACORD               applications               are               applications               independently               developed               by               each               insurer               in               order               to               facilitate               the               maximal               ability               to               evaluate               applicants'               adherence               to               insurer-specific               underwriting               guidelines.


               (d)               Underwriters               should               only               consider               objective               information,               based               on               recorded               facts               that               can               be               verified,               when               evaluating               an               insurance               application.

Subjective               information,               based               on               opinions               or               personal               impressions,               should               always               be               disregarded               as               irrelevant.


               (e)               External               information,               which               comes               from               sources               other               than               the               insurer's               in-house               services,               is               often               less               economical               and               more               time-consuming               to               access               than               internal               information.


               (f)               Underwriters               often               use               reports               by               independent               inspectors               or               by               loss               control               personnel               to               discover               facts               about               an               insured's               safety               record               and               physical               condition               (for               a               business               or               residence).


               (g)               Government               records,               such               as               criminal               and               civil               court               records,               records               of               bankruptcy               filings,               and               motor               vehicle               records,               are               protected               by               privacy               laws               and               therefore               may               not               be               accessed               by               private               insurance               underwriters,               even               though               this               information               might               be               useful               in               the               underwriting               process.
               Solution               S5-50-3.

This               question               is               based               on               the               discussion               in               Myhr               and               Markham,               pp.

4.6-4.7.

The               following               answers               are               correct:               
               (a)               It               is               typically               simpler               for               direct               writers               and               exclusive               agents,               as               opposed               to               independent               agents,               to               follow               the               explicit               underwriting               guidelines               of               the               insurer               they               represent               right               away               when               evaluating               a               policyholder's               application.


               (b)               Independent               agents               face               the               added               challenge               of               matching               their               applicants               for               insurance               with               the               insurers               that               would               best               serve               those               applicants'               needs.


               (e)               External               information,               which               comes               from               sources               other               than               the               insurer's               in-house               services,               is               often               less               economical               and               more               time-consuming               to               access               than               internal               information.


               (f)               Underwriters               often               use               reports               by               independent               inspectors               or               by               loss               control               personnel               to               discover               facts               about               an               insured's               safety               record               and               physical               condition               (for               a               business               or               residence).
               Choice               (c)               is               not               correct;               ACORD               applications               are               standardized               applications               developed               by               insurance               industry               committees.
               Choice               (d)               is               not               correct;               underwriters               can               usefully               consider               subjective               information,               provided               that               they               recognize               the               possibility               of               bias               contained               in               such               information               and               try               to               supplement               it               with               objective               information               and               an               evaluation               of               possible               biases.
               Choice               (g)               is               not               correct;               the               government               records               mentioned               in               the               statement               are               typically               accessible               to               private               insurance               underwriters.

Privacy               laws               generally               do               not               prohibit               such               access.
               Problem               S5-50-4.

Myhr               and               Markham,               p.

4.7,               discuss               financial               rating               services               and               the               information               they               can               provide               to               underwriters.
               (a)               Provide               four               examples               of               either               financial               rating               services               that               underwriters               use               or               other               financial               information               that               is               typically               accessible               to               underwriters.
               (b)               Provide               two               examples               of               the               useful               information               that               using               financial               rating               services               can               provide               to               underwriters.
               Solution               S5-50-4.
               (a)               The               four               examples               mentioned               by               Myhr               and               Markham,               p.

4.7,               are               as               follows:               
               1.

Dun               &               Bradstreet               (D&B)               
               2.

Standard               &               Poor's               
               3.

TRW               
               4.

The               10-K               form,               filed               with               the               Securities               and               Exchange               Commission               (SEC)
               Other               valid               examples               are               possible.
               (b)               The               following               useful               information               is               mentioned               by               Myhr               and               Markham,               p.

4.7:
               1.

"Data               on               the               credit               ratings               of               individual               business,               together               with               industry               averages               for               comparison."               
               2.

Verification               of               an               applicant's               financial               statements               and               "an               overall               picture               of               the               applicant's               financial               status."               
               3.

"Financial               ratios               used               to               evaluate               a               firm's               liquidity,               profitability,               and               debt               structure."
               Other               valid               examples               are               possible.
               Problem               S5-50-5.

Which               of               the               following               statements               about               information               available               to               underwriters               are               true?

More               than               one               answer               may               be               correct.
               (a)               Field               marketing               personnel               should               not               serve               in               the               role               of               inspectors;               this               presents               a               conflict               of               interest.


               (b)               Data               on               the               causes               and               dates               of               losses               can               give               useful               information               about               the               seasonality               of               particular               losses.


               (c)               Producers,               managing               general               agents               (MGAs),               and               sales               managers               can,               at               times,               provide               some               of               the               same               information               as               field               marketing               personnel.


               (d)               Premium               auditors,               by               examining               the               policyholder's               books,               can               only               provide               information               about               numerical               figures               of               premium.

A               separate               inspection               is               always               required               to               identify               possible               moral               or               morale               hazards.


               (e)               A               claim               file               review               can               identify               insureds               who               are               making               small               claims               that               most               people               would               attribute               to               normal               wear               and               tear.


               (f)               Long-term               results               of               a               producer's               field               underwriting               activity               are               not               a               reliable               measure               of               producer               performance,               because               producers               can               make               proper               underwriting               decisions               but               still               face               a               run               of               bad               luck.


               (g)               Insurers               typically               do               not               consider               the               mix               of               business               a               producer               submits               to               them,               provided               that               the               business               has               not               yet               resulted               in               unusually               detrimental               loss               ratios.
               Solution               S5-50-5.

This               question               is               based               on               the               discussion               in               Myhr               and               Markham,               pp.

4.7-4.10.

The               following               answers               are               correct:
               (b)               Data               on               the               causes               and               dates               of               losses               can               give               useful               information               about               the               seasonality               of               particular               losses.


               (c)               Producers,               managing               general               agents               (MGAs),               and               sales               managers               can,               at               times,               provide               some               of               the               same               information               as               field               marketing               personnel.


               (e)               A               claim               file               review               can               identify               insureds               who               are               making               small               claims               that               most               people               would               attribute               to               normal               wear               and               tear.
               Choice               (a)               is               not               correct;               field               marketing               personnel               are               sometimes               useful               in               providing               simplified               inspection               reports.

There               is               no               conflict               of               interest,               since               both               field               marketing               personnel               and               inspectors               would               be               working               in               the               interest               of               the               insurer.
               Choice               (d)               is               not               correct;               premium               auditors'               visits               can               often               identify               possible               moral               and               morale               hazards.
               Choice               (f)               is               not               correct;               while               bad               luck               is               certainly               possible,               long-term               results               tend               to               give               at               least               an               initial               idea               of               how               well               a               producer               is               performing.

These               should               be               considered               along               with               other               relevant               measures               and               information.
               Choice               (g)               is               not               correct;               insurers               often               have               criteria               for               the               mix               of               business               they               wish               to               have,               based               on               evaluations               of               how               risky               that               mix               of               business               can               be               expected               to               be               in               the               future.
               See               other               sections               of               The               Actuary's               Free               Study               Guide               for               Exam               5.






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