About 'practice accounting'|100 Accounting Practice Blogs!
This section of sample problems and solutions is a part of The Actuary's Free Study Guide for Exam 5, authored by Mr. Stolyarov. This is Section 50 of the Study Guide. See an index of all sections by following the link in this paragraph. This section of the study guide is intended to provide practice problems and solutions to accompany the pages of Insurance Operations, Regulation, and Statutory Accounting, cited below. Students are encouraged to read these pages before attempting the problems. This study guide is entirely an independent effort by Mr. Stolyarov and is not affiliated with any organization(s) to whose textbooks it refers, nor does it represent such organization(s). Some of the questions here ask for short written answers based on the reading. This is meant to give the student practice in answering questions of the format that will appear on Exam 5. Students are encouraged to type their own answers first and then to compare these answers with the solutions given here. Please note that the solutions provided here are not necessarily the only possible ones. Source: Myhr, A.E.; and Markham, J.J. Insurance Operations, Regulation, and Statutory Accounting (Second Edition). American Institute for Chartered Property Casualty Underwriters. 2004. Chapter 4, pp. 4.3-4.10. Original Problems and Solutions from The Actuary's Free Study Guide Problem S5-50-1. Which of the following statements about underwriting authority and general underwriting concepts are true? More than one answer may be correct: (a) Specialty insurers - such as providers of aviation insurance, livestock mortality insurers, or surety bonds - tend to centralize underwriting authority. (b) When a producer or managing general agent (MGA) is given underwriting authority by the insurer, this typically comes with a lower commission rate, because the producer or MGA is essentially buying the right the underwrite policies at its discretion. (c) For potential policyholders who require high limits of insurance, the insurance producer is more likely to have independent underwriting authority. (d) Centralized and decentralized underwriting authority both ultimately serve the same essential purpose of underwriting, in terms of evaluating what loss exposures will be insured, at what prices, and under what conditions. (e) The primary purpose of underwriting is to develop and maintain a profitable book of business for the insurer. (f) A "book of business" refers only to the entirety of policies an insurer has in force. Any subgroup of these policies is called a "chapter of business". (g) Careful underwriting procedures can minimize the phenomenon of adverse selection, which is the phenomenon by which the individuals whose probability of loss is greatest are also the most likely to purchase insurance. Solution S5-50-1. This question is based on the discussion in Myhr and Markham, p. 4.4. The following answers are correct: (a) Specialty insurers - such as providers of aviation insurance, livestock mortality insurers, or surety bonds - tend to centralize underwriting authority. (d) Centralized and decentralized underwriting authority both ultimately serve the same essential purpose of underwriting, in terms of evaluating what loss exposures will be insured, at what prices, and under what conditions. (e) The primary purpose of underwriting is to develop and maintain a profitable book of business for the insurer. (g) Careful underwriting procedures can minimize the phenomenon of adverse selection, which is the phenomenon by which the individuals whose probability of loss is greatest are also the most likely to purchase insurance. Choice (b) is not correct; when a producer or managing general agent (MGA) is given underwriting authority by the insurer, this typically comes with a higher commission rate and a larger percentage of profits shared with the producer or MGA. This is because, by underwriting policies, the producer or MGA would be doing additional valuable work in place of the insurer. Choice (c) is not correct; for potential policyholders who require high limits of insurance, the insurance producer is less likely to have independent underwriting authority. The potential policyholders are likelier to be referred to the insurer's underwriter(s), because writing higher limits of coverage entails greater risk. Choice (f) is not correct; a "book of business" can refer to all the policies an insurer has in force, or to some subgroup of those policies. Problem S5-50-2. Myhr and Markham, p. 4.4, describe six steps in the underwriting process: 1. Evaluating loss exposures 2. Determining underwriting alternatives 3. Selecting an underwriting alternative 4. Determining the appropriate premium 5. Implementing the underwriting decision 6. Monitoring the loss exposures Each of the scenarios below pertains to an underwriter evaluating an application from Insured Φ, who has requested insurance on a valuable wooden figurine. Each scenario also pertains to one of the underwriting steps above. Match each scenario to the underwriting step it represents. (a) The underwriter considers three options for how to treat Insured Φ's application: 1) Reject the application altogether as an unacceptable risk; 2) Accept the application, but charge Insured Φ a premium twice the standard level, to compensate for the unusually high level of risk involved; 3) Accept the application, but require Insured Φ to purchase a bulletproof reinforced glass case with an attached alarm system. The figurine would need to be kept within this case, which the underwriter expects would deter would-be thieves and prevent termites from getting to the figuring. (b) The underwriter issues an insurance policy to Insured Φ on his figurine and requires the insured to pay the standard premium for such a policy, which the insured pays in full. The policy contains a manuscript endorsement, which establishes, as a condition of the policy, that Insured Φ must purchase a bulletproof reinforced glass case with an attached alarm system, in which the figurine would be kept. (c) The underwriter's analysis shows that Insured Φ's figurine is most vulnerable to theft and to termites. In conducting the analysis, the underwriter used historical data pertaining to similar wooden figurines as well as theft and termite infestation statistics pertaining to Insured Φ's geographical area. The underwriter concludes that the current loss exposures are too risky for the insurer to accept at the standard premium level. (d) The underwriter decides that Insured Φ will be charged the standard premium, provided that he purchases a bulletproof reinforced glass case with an attached alarm system, in which the figurine would be kept. (e) Every year the insurance policy is in force, the underwriter works with an inspector and arranges for the inspector to visit Insured Φ's home and verify that the wooden figurine is being kept in a bulletproof reinforced glass case. The Insured is also required to submit monthly photographs of the figurine within the case, to demonstrate that the case has not been broken or sold. (f) The underwriter decides that Insured Φ's application for insurance on the wooden figurine would be accepted, but that Insured Φ would be required to purchase a bulletproof reinforced glass case with an attached alarm system. The figurine would need to be kept within this case. Solution S5-50-2. Scenario (a) is an instance of step 2. Determining underwriting alternatives. Scenario (b) is an instance of step 5. Implementing the underwriting decision. Scenario (c) is an instance of step 1. Evaluating loss exposures. Scenario (d) is an instance of step 4. Determining the appropriate premium. Scenario (e) is an instance of step 6. Monitoring the loss exposures Scenario (f) is an instance of step 3. Selecting an underwriting alternative. Problem S5-50-3. Which of the following statements about underwriting are true? More than one answer may be correct. (a) It is typically simpler for direct writers and exclusive agents, as opposed to independent agents, to follow the explicit underwriting guidelines of the insurer they represent right away when evaluating a policyholder's application. (b) Independent agents face the added challenge of matching their applicants for insurance with the insurers that would best serve those applicants' needs. (c) ACORD applications are applications independently developed by each insurer in order to facilitate the maximal ability to evaluate applicants' adherence to insurer-specific underwriting guidelines. (d) Underwriters should only consider objective information, based on recorded facts that can be verified, when evaluating an insurance application. Subjective information, based on opinions or personal impressions, should always be disregarded as irrelevant. (e) External information, which comes from sources other than the insurer's in-house services, is often less economical and more time-consuming to access than internal information. (f) Underwriters often use reports by independent inspectors or by loss control personnel to discover facts about an insured's safety record and physical condition (for a business or residence). (g) Government records, such as criminal and civil court records, records of bankruptcy filings, and motor vehicle records, are protected by privacy laws and therefore may not be accessed by private insurance underwriters, even though this information might be useful in the underwriting process. Solution S5-50-3. This question is based on the discussion in Myhr and Markham, pp. 4.6-4.7. The following answers are correct: (a) It is typically simpler for direct writers and exclusive agents, as opposed to independent agents, to follow the explicit underwriting guidelines of the insurer they represent right away when evaluating a policyholder's application. (b) Independent agents face the added challenge of matching their applicants for insurance with the insurers that would best serve those applicants' needs. (e) External information, which comes from sources other than the insurer's in-house services, is often less economical and more time-consuming to access than internal information. (f) Underwriters often use reports by independent inspectors or by loss control personnel to discover facts about an insured's safety record and physical condition (for a business or residence). Choice (c) is not correct; ACORD applications are standardized applications developed by insurance industry committees. Choice (d) is not correct; underwriters can usefully consider subjective information, provided that they recognize the possibility of bias contained in such information and try to supplement it with objective information and an evaluation of possible biases. Choice (g) is not correct; the government records mentioned in the statement are typically accessible to private insurance underwriters. Privacy laws generally do not prohibit such access. Problem S5-50-4. Myhr and Markham, p. 4.7, discuss financial rating services and the information they can provide to underwriters. (a) Provide four examples of either financial rating services that underwriters use or other financial information that is typically accessible to underwriters. (b) Provide two examples of the useful information that using financial rating services can provide to underwriters. Solution S5-50-4. (a) The four examples mentioned by Myhr and Markham, p. 4.7, are as follows: 1. Dun & Bradstreet (D&B) 2. Standard & Poor's 3. TRW 4. The 10-K form, filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Other valid examples are possible. (b) The following useful information is mentioned by Myhr and Markham, p. 4.7: 1. "Data on the credit ratings of individual business, together with industry averages for comparison." 2. Verification of an applicant's financial statements and "an overall picture of the applicant's financial status." 3. "Financial ratios used to evaluate a firm's liquidity, profitability, and debt structure." Other valid examples are possible. Problem S5-50-5. Which of the following statements about information available to underwriters are true? More than one answer may be correct. (a) Field marketing personnel should not serve in the role of inspectors; this presents a conflict of interest. (b) Data on the causes and dates of losses can give useful information about the seasonality of particular losses. (c) Producers, managing general agents (MGAs), and sales managers can, at times, provide some of the same information as field marketing personnel. (d) Premium auditors, by examining the policyholder's books, can only provide information about numerical figures of premium. A separate inspection is always required to identify possible moral or morale hazards. (e) A claim file review can identify insureds who are making small claims that most people would attribute to normal wear and tear. (f) Long-term results of a producer's field underwriting activity are not a reliable measure of producer performance, because producers can make proper underwriting decisions but still face a run of bad luck. (g) Insurers typically do not consider the mix of business a producer submits to them, provided that the business has not yet resulted in unusually detrimental loss ratios. Solution S5-50-5. This question is based on the discussion in Myhr and Markham, pp. 4.7-4.10. The following answers are correct: (b) Data on the causes and dates of losses can give useful information about the seasonality of particular losses. (c) Producers, managing general agents (MGAs), and sales managers can, at times, provide some of the same information as field marketing personnel. (e) A claim file review can identify insureds who are making small claims that most people would attribute to normal wear and tear. Choice (a) is not correct; field marketing personnel are sometimes useful in providing simplified inspection reports. There is no conflict of interest, since both field marketing personnel and inspectors would be working in the interest of the insurer. Choice (d) is not correct; premium auditors' visits can often identify possible moral and morale hazards. Choice (f) is not correct; while bad luck is certainly possible, long-term results tend to give at least an initial idea of how well a producer is performing. These should be considered along with other relevant measures and information. Choice (g) is not correct; insurers often have criteria for the mix of business they wish to have, based on evaluations of how risky that mix of business can be expected to be in the future. See other sections of The Actuary's Free Study Guide for Exam 5. |
Image of practice accounting
practice accounting Image 1
practice accounting Image 2
practice accounting Image 3
practice accounting Image 4
practice accounting Image 5
Related blog with practice accounting
- albarce.wordpress.com/...NEED to have a picture. There are no exceptions to this best practice. Accounts with an egg as an image automatically register as spam to me...
- forexgenspot.blogspot.com/... all about is to open a practice account. Almost every forex broker offers...your practice-account experience, treat your practice account as if it were real money . [ ForexGen...
- ascpa.wordpress.com/...far enough to protect the public. Accounting is one of the last unregulated...America. It is illegal to practice law without a license, to practice...
- goldenmarketing.typepad.com/...in the count, a blog must be authored by a licensed and currently in practice accounting practitioner (CPA, CA, etc) or public accounting firm (group authored ...
- makemoneyuk1.wordpress.com/... you may have underestimated the use of spread betting practice accounts . Another great reason for trying a dummy account with a spread betting company...
- lawinquebec.wordpress.com/..., the 58-year old Quebec City native can no longer practice as a chartered accountant. Enrolled as a member of the Quebec order in 1981, Filion ...
- kazimalam.wordpress.com/... to standard accounting practises and financial ... in accounting practises and accounting...
- expertlywrapped.wordpress.com/...series of, ahem, non-standard accounting practices. Anup Srivastava , an...this may not be a correct accounting policy. Note that eBay...
- mhanewsnow.typepad.com/executive/The Healthcare Financial Management Association has released guidance on accounting practices for hospitals that receive federal incentive payments for the...
- knightlight65.wordpress.com/A lot of accounting practices hold off until...MyTown, ST CPA : Practice Name In this example...vanity. Very few accounting firms...
Practice Accounting - Blog Homepage Results
This blog is dedicated to describe normal accounting & auditing practices. Questions could be sent to myauditing@gmail.com Response would be ...
This blog is dedicated to the subject of accounting practice business development. (However, the information is relevant to any professional service provider...
Related Video with practice accounting
practice accounting Video 1
practice accounting Video 2
practice accounting Video 3
0 개의 댓글:
댓글 쓰기